He originated from Kraków. He graduated in musicology from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich (1908). In 1912–39 he taught musicology at Lemberg University (the Jan Kazimierz University from 1919). He was the first Polish musicologist to obtain a professor’s title (1917), which made him an authority in Polish musicology between the world wars. He turned Lwów into a major musicological research centre, with twenty-two students graduating under his supervision by 1939 (incl. Zofia Lissa and Stefania Łobaczewska in 1929, Jerzy Freiheiter in 1931).
In 1916–28, Chybiński also taught theory at the GTM (from 1918 PTM) Conservatoire in Lwów, which means that for four years he was Koffler’s colleague on the faculty of that school. For the tenth anniversary of Chybiński’s professorship, Koffler published a text about that scholar’s achievements in Muzyk Wojskowy. As both lived and worked in Lwów, they must have met on many occasions, and in 1929–37 they also corresponded. Under the Soviet occupation their paths crossed again as both took up teaching posts at the newly established LGK Lviv State Conservatoire (1940–41). Chybiński eventually left Lwów in 1944 and took over the revived Chair of Musicology at Poznań University in the following year.